Temperature - proportional to average kinetic energy of the atoms/molecules of a substance

Temperature scales

• temperature is scalar
• Absolute scale —> T / K = t / C + 273

Internal energy - total energy of all particles that make up a substance (kinetic energy + potential energy)

• internal/thermal energy = microscopic sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of all particels

Heat energy - thermal energy transmitted from hot to cold

• no flow of heat energy (same temp) = thermal equilibrium

Thermal Properties of matter

thermal energy transfer = change in temp or change in state

specific heat capacity c

Heat capacity C

relationship

Phases of matter

• solid - closely packed, lattice vibrations
• Liquid - not fixed, vibrational, rotational, translational energy
• Gas - free, brief collisions, translational energy
• Plasma - extreme high temps/pressures, electrons separated (inside sun/nuclear explosions)

Phase changes